The transmission of literary rebellion relies on invisible figures: daring publishers (Ferlinghetti, Girodias, Sylvia Beach), passionate translators (David Rattray, Mary Caroline Richards, Beckett perhaps), and intermediaries such as Ed Sanders, a bridge between the Beats and the hippies. Women—Diane di Prima, Joanne Kyger, Ruth Weiss, Lenore Kandel—have been erased despite their central role in poetic experimentation and activism. The momos (Carl Solomon, Gerd Stern) and the marginalized (Naphtali Kupferberg, Mary Beach) nourished the movement without glory. Their collective work, from translations of Artaud to anti-nuclear happenings, spread the spirit of Dada and Beat, mixing radical theater, jazz, and protest.